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An old issue and a new challenge for nuclear reactor safety

F. D’AURIA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 854-859 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0729-0

摘要： Nuclear reactor safety (NRS) and the branch accident analysis (AA) constitute proven technologies: these are based on, among the other things, long lasting research and operational experience in the area of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR). Large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) has been, so far, the orienting scenario within AA and a basis for the design of reactors. An incomplete vision for those technologies during the last few years is as follows: Progress in fundamentals was stagnant, namely in those countries where the WCNR were designed. Weaknesses became evident, noticeably in relation to nuclear fuel under high burn-up. Best estimate plus uncertainty (BEPU) techniques were perfected and available for application. Electronic and informatics systems were in extensive use and their impact in case of accident becomes more and more un-checked (however, quite irrelevant in case of LBLOCA). The time delay between technological discoveries and applications was becoming longer. The present paper deals with the LBLOCA that is inserted into the above context. Key conclusion is that regulations need suitable modification, rather than lowering the importance and the role of LBLOCA. Moreover, strengths of emergency core cooling system (ECCS) and containment need a tight link.

关键词： large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) nuclear reactor safety (NRS) licensing perspectives basis for design of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR)

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Progress and perspectives of neural tissue engineering

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 401-411 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0415-x

摘要：

Traumatic injuries to the nervous system lead to a common clinical problem with a quite high incidence and affect the patient’s quality of life. Based on a major challenge not yet addressed by current therapeutic interventions for these diseases, a novel promising field of neural tissue engineering has emerged, grown, and attracted increasing interest. This review provides a brief summary of the recent progress in the field, especially in combination with the research experience of the author’s group. Several important aspects related to tissue engineered nerves, including the theory on their construction, translation into the clinic, improvements in fabrication technologies, and the formation of a regenerative environment, are delineated and discussed. Furthermore, potential research directions for the future development of neural tissue engineering are suggested.

关键词： nerve injury tissue engineering nerve grafts

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Bioartificial liver devices: Perspectives on the state of the art

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 15-19 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0110-x

摘要：

Acute liver failure remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Bioartificial liver (BAL) devices have been in development for more than 20 years. Such devices aim to temporarily take over the metabolic and excretory functions of the liver until the patients’ own liver has recovered or a donor liver becomes available for transplant. The important issues include the choice of cell materials and the design of the bioreactor. Ideal BAL cell materials should be of good viability and functionality, easy to access, and exclude immunoreactive and tumorigenic cell materials. Unfortunately, the current cells in use in BAL do not meet these requirements. One of the challenges in BAL development is the improvement of current materials; another key point concerning cell materials is the coculture of different cells. The bioreactor is an important component of BAL, because it determines the viability and function of the hepatocytes within it. From the perspective of bioengineering, a successful and clinically effective bioreactor should mimic the structure of the liver and provide an in vivo-like microenvironment for the growth of hepatocytes, thereby maintaining the cells’ viability and function to the maximum extent. One future trend in the development of the bioreactor is to improve the oxygen supply system. Another direction for future research on bioreactors is the application of biomedical materials. In conclusion, BAL is, in principle, an important therapeutic strategy for patients with acute liver failure, and may also be a bridge to liver transplantation. It requires further research and development, however, before it can enter clinical practice.

关键词： acute liver failure bioartificial livers hepatocyte bioreactor

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Key stakeholders’ perspectives on the ideal partnering culture in construction projects

Gunnar J. LÜHR, Marian G. C. BOSCH-REKVELDT, Mladen RADUJKOVIC

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第2期页码 312-325 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0135-z

摘要： This paper examines the current state of project cultures in the German turnkey construction industry and the ideal project cultures in terms of partnering from the perspective of various key stakeholders (i.e., Investors, General Contractors, (Sub-)Contractors and Designers). To investigate the current and ideal cultures, data were gathered among the key stakeholders by means of a survey study with 72 respondents divided over 12 companies. The respondents rated the current and desired cultures by using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument, which belongs to the Competing Values Framework. The investigations show many similarities and differences between the stakeholder perspectives of the current and the idealized partnering project cultures. Mainly, the General Contractors desire more cooperative behaviors than the (Sub-)Contractors, and the Investors desire more pronounced flexibility than the General Contractors. All stakeholders desire a cultural change from highly competitive behaviors toward more cooperation. Changes in terms of clear procedures or more flexibility are only desired by the Designers. Defining both the current and an ideal partnering project culture enables academics and project managers to compare their actual project cultures to an ideal situation. With such an approach, academics and project managers could measure whether new tools or changes in resources affect their project cultures toward a partnering project culture.

关键词： project culture organisational culture partnering construction culture stakeholder perspectives German

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Advances and perspectives in catalysts for liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane

Hui LI, Yuanbin SHE, Tao WANG

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 356-368 doi: 10.1007/s11705-012-0903-3

摘要： The latest progress and developments in catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexane are reviewed. Catalytic systems for the oxidation of cyclohexane including metal supported, metal oxides, molecular sieves, metal substituted polyoxometalates, photocatalysts, organocatalysts, Gif systems, metal-organic catalysts and metalloporphyrins are discussed with a particular emphasis on metalloporphyrin catalytic systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are summarized and analyzed. Finally, the development trends in the oxidation technology of cyclohexane are examined.

关键词： cyclohexane liquid-phase oxidation catalysis

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Polymorphism of pharmaceutical molecules: perspectives on nucleation

Jie LU, Zhen LI, Xiaolin JIANG,

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 37-44 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0294-2

摘要： Polymorphism is a widespread phenomenon observed in more than half of all drug substances. Various polymorphs frequently possess different physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties that can profoundly affect the bioavailability, stability and other performance characteristics of the drug. Accordingly, the elucidation of the relationship between the particular polymorph of a pharmaceutical molecule and its functional properties is crucial to select the most suitable polymorph of the pharmaceutical molecule for development into a drug product. This review briefly introduces recent advances in the discovery and control of the polymorphs of pharmaceutical molecules, in terms of the enhancement of the selective nucleation of a particular polymorph. In the light of this, some cases discussed in the following is to be considered controversial.

关键词： development Polymorphism elucidation controversial relationship

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Pricing and production strategies in remanufacturing from the perspectives of supply chain: Review and

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0251-7

摘要： Remanufacturing is widely recognized as beneficial to the environment and a circular economy. However, remanufacturing is more complex than traditional manufacturing due to the effects of government policy, uncertainty of consumer preferences, competition and cooperation among firms, and so on. These factors motivate academics to optimize remanufacturing outcomes, especially for product pricing and production. This study reviews the published literature on pricing and production strategies in remanufacturing from four perspectives of supply chain, namely, government policy, consumer characteristics, relationships among firms, and supply chain structures. Review results can benefit scholars/practitioners in the future by highlighting the challenges and opportunities in remanufacturing strategies.

关键词： remanufacturing reverse and closed-loop supply chain circular economy

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Natural killer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and perspectives for future immunotherapeutic

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期页码 509-521 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0546-3

摘要：

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. In the last few years, treatments for HCC have significantly improved from a mere surgical resection to a series of minimally invasive therapies and targeted drugs. However, recurrence frequently occurs even upon curative therapeutics, and drug therapies generally produce disappointing results, with the overall prognosis dismal. This challenging clinical scenario warrants new effective and life-prolonging strategies for patients with HCC. Compelling evidence suggests that NK cells play a critical role in the immune function of the liver and in the immune defenses against HCC, indicating that HCC might be an ideal target for NK cell-based immunotherapies. To obtain comprehensive insights into the putative influence of NK cells on HCC, this paper summarizes current knowledge on NK cells in HCC and discusses the usefulness and prospects of NK cell-based immunotherapies. Critical issues that require consideration for the successful clinical translation of NK cell-based therapies are also addressed. If appropriately used and further optimized, NK cell-based therapies could dominate important roles in the future immunotherapeutic market of HCC.

关键词： natural killer cell hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy

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Evolving perspectives on biofuels in the United States

Lisa C. DIRKS, Gary W. DIRKS, Jianguo WU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 379-393 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0213-y

摘要： Biofuels represent an important source of renewable energy and may play a crucial role in developing sustainable energy strategies for many countries and the world as a whole. The pros and cons of biofuels, however, have been debated both scientifically and politically. They remain a topic of controversy. In this paper, the evolvement of the perspectives and policies on biofuels in the United States in the past several decades was reviewed. Four different periods, that is, the period prior to 1978 (marked by the passage of the Energy Act in 1978); 1978–1989 (ending with the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990); 1990–2004 (ending with the passage of the energy act of 2005); and 2005 to the present, which were characterized by defining events of major policy importance were identified. Each time period was assessed using the Ostrom institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework to show the impact of the evolving interests and influences of global players on policy choices related to biofuels in the United States. The US has a long history of supporting corn-based ethanol and more recently advanced biofuels. Changes in perspectives on biofuels from largely unrelated groups led to changes in policy and market dynamics. Until the late 1990s, most perspectives and policies tended to be aligned and significantly supportive of corn-based ethanol in the United States. In the early 2000s, it became clear that the complications associated with first generation biofuels and corn-based ethanol in particular, were too numerous and too severe to overlook. The need for better options has spurred interest in new technologies and more environmentally benign feedstocks, but, there is little prospect for biofuels playing a significant role in the near term without greater alignment among key players.

关键词： renewable energy biofuels energy sustainability

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Current perspectives on shoot branching regulation

Cunquan YUAN,Lin XI,Yaping KOU,Yu ZHAO,Liangjun ZHAO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第1期页码 38-52 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015053

摘要： Shoot branching is regulated by the complex interactions among hormones, development, and environmental factors. Recent studies into the regulatory mecha-nisms of shoot branching have focused on strigolactones, which is a new area of investigation in shoot branching regulation. Elucidation of the function of the gene has allowed exploration of detailed mechanisms of action of strigolactones in regulating shoot branching. In addition, the recent discovery that sucrose is key for axillary bud release has challenged the established auxin theory, in which auxin is the principal agent in the control of apical dominance. These developments increase our understan-ding of branching control and indicate that regulation of shoot branching involves a complex network. Here, we first summarize advances in the systematic regulatory network of plant shoot branching based on current information. Then we describe recent developments in the synthesis and signal transduction of strigolactones. Based on these considerations, we further summarize the plant shoot branching regulatory network, including long distance systemic signals and local gene activity mediated by strigolactones following perception of external envi-ronmental signals, such as shading, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of plant shoot branching.

关键词： sugar demand apical dominance decapitation shade shoot branching strigolactones

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Design and construction of super-long span bridges in China: Review and future perspectives

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 803-838 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0644-1

摘要： Super-long span bridges demand high design requirements and involve many difficulties when constructed, which is an important indicator to reflect the bridge technical level of a country. Over the past three decades, a large percentage of the new long-span bridges around the world were built in China, and thus, abundant technological innovations and experience have been accumulated during the design and construction. This paper aims to review and summarize the design and construction practices of the superstructure, the substructure, and the steel deck paving of the long-span bridges during the past decades as well as the current operation status of the existing long-span bridges in China. A future perspective was given on the developing trend of high-speed railway bridge, bridge over deep-sea, health monitoring and maintenance, intellectualization, standard system, and information technology, which is expected to guide the development direction for the construction of future super long-span bridges and promote China to become a strong bridge construction country.

关键词： long-span bridges steel box girder design technology construction technology review and future perspectives

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Grassland ecology in China: perspectives and challenges

Deli WANG, Ling WANG, Jushan LIU, Hui ZHU, Zhiwei ZHONG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 24-43 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2018205

摘要： During the last few decades, there have been an increasing number of studies on grassland ecology in China, involving the classic ecology concepts or theories and the applicable ecological principles of grassland conservation or management. This paper reviews the main progress in the following aspects. (1) Research on grassland species adaptation and resistance, population dynamics and foraging behavior, and biodiversity and community stability. (2) Research on managed grassland ecosystems (grassland grazing ecology) including grazing effects on grassland ecosystem function and foraging behavior by large herbivores. (3) Global climate change and grassland processes and functioning. (4) Applied research on grassland restoration and ecosystem health assessments such as vegetation restoration, restoration of ecosystem functioning, and assessment methods. There have been significant advances in grassland ecology, including the functions of ecosystem biodiversity, the ecological stoichiometry mechanisms affecting grassland community stability, grazing regulation of plant diversity and nutrient cycling. Grassland ecologists have succeeded in making these advances through observational, experimental and theoretical studies. Nevertheless, there are still significant challenges for the grassland ecology research, including understanding of grassland spatial processes, grassland grazing and multi-functionality, integrated effects of global climate change across grassland areas, as well as the ecological methodology and experimental techniques in grassland ecology.

关键词： biodiversity climate change China grazing meadow restoration steppe

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New perspectives in free nitrous acid (FNA) uses for sustainable wastewater management

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-024-1786-5

摘要：

● The historical development of free nitrous acid (FNA) technologies is reviewed.

关键词： Free nitrous acid Acid-tolerant ammonia oxidizer In situ generation Wastewater management

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Air quality improvement in Los Angeles—Perspectives for developing cities

David D. Parrish,Jin Xu,Bart Croes,Min Shao

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0859-5

摘要： Air quality improvement in Los Angeles can inform air quality policies in developing cities. Emission control efforts, their results, costs and health benefits are briefly summarized. Today's developing cities face new challenges including regional pollution. Air quality issues in Beijing are briefly compared and contrasted with Los Angeles. Opportunities for co-benefits for climate and air quality improvement are identified. Air quality improvement in Los Angeles, California is reviewed with an emphasis on aspects that may inform air quality policy formulation in developing cities. In the mid-twentieth century the air quality in Los Angeles was degraded to an extent comparable to the worst found in developing cities today; ozone exceeded 600 ppb and annual average particulate matter <10 mm reached ~150 mg·m . Today's air quality is much better due to very effective emission controls; e.g., modern automobiles emit about 1% of the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emitted by vehicles of 50 years ago. An overview is given of the emission control efforts in Los Angeles and their impact on ambient concentrations of primary and secondary pollutants; the costs and health benefits of these controls are briefly summarized. Today's developing cities have new challenges that are discussed: the effects of regional pollution transport are much greater in countries with very high population densities; often very large current populations must be supplied with goods and services even while economic development and air quality concerns are addressed; and many of currently developing cities are located in or close to the tropics where photochemical processing of pollution is expected to be more rapid than at higher latitudes. The air quality issues of Beijing are briefly compared and contrasted with those of Los Angeles, and the opportunities for co-benefits for climate and air quality improvement are pointed out.

关键词： Air pollution Ozone Particulate matter Control technology

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Current situation and future perspectives of European natural gas sector

Vincenzo BIANCO,Federico SCARPA,Luca A. TAGLIAFICO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 1-6 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0340-8

摘要： Gas market in Europe is experiencing a radical change for different reasons, partially determined and accelerated by economic downturn of the last period. In the past few years, many European countries adopted energy policies largely based on the utilization of natural gas. In fact, a sharp increase of the demand was observed and, at the same time, a lot of infrastructures were developed to assure the necessary supply. In the last few years, due to the economic downturn, natural gas demand decreased, causing a consistent oversupply on the market, which altered the consolidated dynamics of the sector. Understanding the changes currently under development in the European gas market is of paramount importance in order to design future strategies for the sector; in particular, it is necessary to understand if the present situation will cause a reshaping of the sector.

关键词： natural gas natural gas market oil-linked contracts supply infrastructures gas hubs